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{{Infobox_Governor|name= John Hancock|image= JohnHancockSmall.jpeg|caption=|order=1st and 3rd|office= Governor of Massachusetts|term_start= 1780
[May 30, 1787 – October 8, 1793|predecessor= [William Howe (as Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay)
James Bowdoin (1787)] (1785), Samuel Adams (1787)]|death_date= |death_place= Quincy, Massachusetts|party= None-->

John Hancock ([January 12, 1737 Julian calendar – October 8, 1793 Gregorian calendar) was President of the Continental Congress of the Second Continental Congress and of the Congress of the Confederation; first Governor of Massachusetts; and the first person to sign the United States Declaration of Independence.

Early life John Hancock was born in Braintree, Massachusetts in a part of town which eventually became the separate city of Quincy, Massachusetts. His father died when he was young, and he was adopted by his paternal uncle—Thomas Hancock, a highly successful merchant in New England. After graduating from Boston Latin School, he attended Harvard University and received a degree in 1754, when he was 17. Upon graduation, he worked for his uncle. From 1760–1764, Hancock lived in England while building relationships with customers and suppliers of his uncle's shipbuilding business. Shortly after his return from England, his uncle died and he inherited the fortune and business, making him the wealthiest man in New England at the time. After his aunt's death in 1776, he inherited the Hancock Manor as well.

Hancock married Dorothy Quincy. (Dorothy Quincy's aunt, who had the same name as her niece, was the great-grandmother of Oliver Wendell Holmes.)

Children John and Dorothy had two children, neither of whom survived to adulthood. Because of Hancock's fame and the frequency of his family name, many Americans continue to believe that they are descended from him. Among these, for example, was the writer Ernest Hemingway. In view of the childhood demise of both of Hancock's known children, it is unlikely that any such claim can be supported.

Early career A Boston, Massachusetts Board of Selectmen and Massachusetts House of Representatives to the Massachusetts General Court, his colonial trade business naturally disposed him to resist the Stamp Act 1765, which attempted to restrict colonial trading.

The Stamp Act was repealed, but later acts (such as the Townshend Acts) led to further taxation on common goods. Eventually, Hancock's shipping practices became more evasive, and he began to smuggling glass, lead, paper and tea. In 1768, upon arriving from England, his sloop Liberty was impounded by British customs officials for violation of revenue laws. This caused a riot among some infuriated Bostonians expecting the supplies on board.

His regular merchant trade as well as his smuggling practices financed much of his region's resistance to British authority and his financial contributions led the people of Boston to joke that "Samuel Adams writes the letters newspapers and John Hancock pays the postage" (Fradin & McCurdy, 2002).

== American Revolution == At first only a financier of the growing rebellion, he later became a public critic of British rule. On March 5, 1774, the fourth anniversary of the Boston Massacre, he gave a speech strongly condemning the British. In the same year, he was unanimously elected president of the Provisional Congress of Massachusetts, and presided over its Committee of Safety. Under Hancock, Massachusetts was able to raise bands of "Minutemen (militia)"—soldiers who pledged to be ready for battle in a minute's notice—and his boycott of tea imported by the British East India Company eventually led to the Boston Tea Party.

In April 1775 as the British intent became apparent, Hancock and Samuel Adams slipped away from Boston to elude capture, staying in the Hancock-Clarke House in Lexington, Massachusetts (which can still be seen to this day). There Paul Revere roused them about midnight before the British troops arrived at dawn for the Battle of Lexington and Concord. At this time, Thomas Gage ordered Hancock and Adams arrested for treason. Following the battle a proclamation was issued granting a general pardon to all who would demonstrate loyalty to the crown—with the exceptions of Hancock and Adams.On May 24, 1775, he was elected the third President of the Continental Congress of the Second Continental Congress, succeeding Peyton Randolph. He would serve until October 30, 1777, when he was himself succeeded by Henry Laurens.

In the first month of his presidency, on June 19, 1775, Hancock commissioned George Washington commander-in-chief of the Continental Army. A year later, Hancock sent Washington a copy of the July 4, 1776 congressional resolution calling for independence as well as a copy of the United States Declaration of Independence.

on the United States Declaration of Independence's famous painting is sometimes incorrectly identified as a depiction of the signing of the Declaration. What the painting actually depicts is the five-man drafting committee presenting their work to the Congress. Trumbull's painting can also be found on the back of the U.S. United States two-dollar bill.http://www.americanrevolution.org/deckey.htmlHancock was the only one to sign the United States Declaration of Independence on the fourth; the other 55 delegates signed on August 2nd (see also "Lee Resolution" that declared independence on July 2nd). He also requested Washington have the Declaration read to the Continental Army. According to popular legend, he signed his name largely and clearly to be sure King George III of the United Kingdom could read it without his spectacles, causing his name to become, in the United States, an eponym for "signature". However, other examples suggest that Hancock always wrote his signature this way.http://ask.yahoo.com/20070528.html

From 1780–1785, he was governor of Massachusetts. Hancock's skills as orator and moderator were much admired, but during the American Revolution he was most often sought out for his ability to raise funds and supplies for American troops. Despite his skill in the merchant trade, even Hancock had trouble meeting the Continental Congress's demand for beef cattle to feed the hungry army. On January 19, 1781, General Washington warned Hancock:

"I should not trouble your Excellency, with such reiterated applications on the score of supplies, if any objects less than the safety of these Posts on this River, and indeed the existence of the Army, were at stake. By the enclosed Extracts of a Letter, of Yesterday, from Major Genl. Heath, you will see our present situation, and future prospects. If therefore the supply of Beef Cattle demanded by the requisitions of Congress from Your State, is not regularly forwarded to the Army, I cannot consider myself as responsible for the maintenance of the Garrisons below West Point, New York, or the continuance of a single Regiment in the Field." (United States Library of Congress, 1781.)

Quotations

Additional notes In 1772, Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral was published. John Hancock was among those who signed the attestation that Phillis Wheatley, an African American, was its author, refuting the popular assertion that a black woman could not have the intellect to produce the work. When, in 1773, the book was put on display in Aldgate, London, England, London (having been refused by Boston publishers) it thus became the first book by an African American to be officially published.

He was also a Freemasonry. As Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, he presented a flag to the Bucks of America black military unit of Boston.

Namesakes A number of things have been named after John Hancock: * The John Hancock Tower, the tallest building in Boston, Massachusetts * The John Hancock Tower#John Hancock Building, also in Boston, Massachusetts * The John Hancock Center, major skyscraper in Chicago

References

Notes External links

{{Infobox_Governor|name= John Hancock|image= JohnHancockSmall.jpeg|caption=|order=1st and 3rd|office= Governor of Massachusetts|term_start= 1780
[May 30, 1787 – October 8, 1793|predecessor= [William Howe (as Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay)
James Bowdoin (1787)] (1785), Samuel Adams (1787)]|death_date= |death_place= Quincy, Massachusetts|party= None-->

John Hancock ([January 12, 1737 Julian calendar – October 8, 1793 Gregorian calendar) was President of the Continental Congress of the Second Continental Congress and of the Congress of the Confederation; first Governor of Massachusetts; and the first person to sign the United States Declaration of Independence.

Early life John Hancock was born in Braintree, Massachusetts in a part of town which eventually became the separate city of Quincy, Massachusetts. His father died when he was young, and he was adopted by his paternal uncle—Thomas Hancock, a highly successful merchant in New England. After graduating from Boston Latin School, he attended Harvard University and received a degree in 1754, when he was 17. Upon graduation, he worked for his uncle. From 1760–1764, Hancock lived in England while building relationships with customers and suppliers of his uncle's shipbuilding business. Shortly after his return from England, his uncle died and he inherited the fortune and business, making him the wealthiest man in New England at the time. After his aunt's death in 1776, he inherited the Hancock Manor as well.

Hancock married Dorothy Quincy. (Dorothy Quincy's aunt, who had the same name as her niece, was the great-grandmother of Oliver Wendell Holmes.)

Children John and Dorothy had two children, neither of whom survived to adulthood. Because of Hancock's fame and the frequency of his family name, many Americans continue to believe that they are descended from him. Among these, for example, was the writer Ernest Hemingway. In view of the childhood demise of both of Hancock's known children, it is unlikely that any such claim can be supported.

Early career A Boston, Massachusetts Board of Selectmen and Massachusetts House of Representatives to the Massachusetts General Court, his colonial trade business naturally disposed him to resist the Stamp Act 1765, which attempted to restrict colonial trading.

The Stamp Act was repealed, but later acts (such as the Townshend Acts) led to further taxation on common goods. Eventually, Hancock's shipping practices became more evasive, and he began to smuggling glass, lead, paper and tea. In 1768, upon arriving from England, his sloop Liberty was impounded by British customs officials for violation of revenue laws. This caused a riot among some infuriated Bostonians expecting the supplies on board.

His regular merchant trade as well as his smuggling practices financed much of his region's resistance to British authority and his financial contributions led the people of Boston to joke that "Samuel Adams writes the letters newspapers and John Hancock pays the postage" (Fradin & McCurdy, 2002).

== American Revolution == At first only a financier of the growing rebellion, he later became a public critic of British rule. On March 5, 1774, the fourth anniversary of the Boston Massacre, he gave a speech strongly condemning the British. In the same year, he was unanimously elected president of the Provisional Congress of Massachusetts, and presided over its Committee of Safety. Under Hancock, Massachusetts was able to raise bands of "Minutemen (militia)"—soldiers who pledged to be ready for battle in a minute's notice—and his boycott of tea imported by the British East India Company eventually led to the Boston Tea Party.

In April 1775 as the British intent became apparent, Hancock and Samuel Adams slipped away from Boston to elude capture, staying in the Hancock-Clarke House in Lexington, Massachusetts (which can still be seen to this day). There Paul Revere roused them about midnight before the British troops arrived at dawn for the Battle of Lexington and Concord. At this time, Thomas Gage ordered Hancock and Adams arrested for treason. Following the battle a proclamation was issued granting a general pardon to all who would demonstrate loyalty to the crown—with the exceptions of Hancock and Adams.On May 24, 1775, he was elected the third President of the Continental Congress of the Second Continental Congress, succeeding Peyton Randolph. He would serve until October 30, 1777, when he was himself succeeded by Henry Laurens.

In the first month of his presidency, on June 19, 1775, Hancock commissioned George Washington commander-in-chief of the Continental Army. A year later, Hancock sent Washington a copy of the July 4, 1776 congressional resolution calling for independence as well as a copy of the United States Declaration of Independence.

on the United States Declaration of Independence's famous painting is sometimes incorrectly identified as a depiction of the signing of the Declaration. What the painting actually depicts is the five-man drafting committee presenting their work to the Congress. Trumbull's painting can also be found on the back of the U.S. United States two-dollar bill.http://www.americanrevolution.org/deckey.htmlHancock was the only one to sign the United States Declaration of Independence on the fourth; the other 55 delegates signed on August 2nd (see also "Lee Resolution" that declared independence on July 2nd). He also requested Washington have the Declaration read to the Continental Army. According to popular legend, he signed his name largely and clearly to be sure King George III of the United Kingdom could read it without his spectacles, causing his name to become, in the United States, an eponym for "signature". However, other examples suggest that Hancock always wrote his signature this way.http://ask.yahoo.com/20070528.html

From 1780–1785, he was governor of Massachusetts. Hancock's skills as orator and moderator were much admired, but during the American Revolution he was most often sought out for his ability to raise funds and supplies for American troops. Despite his skill in the merchant trade, even Hancock had trouble meeting the Continental Congress's demand for beef cattle to feed the hungry army. On January 19, 1781, General Washington warned Hancock:

"I should not trouble your Excellency, with such reiterated applications on the score of supplies, if any objects less than the safety of these Posts on this River, and indeed the existence of the Army, were at stake. By the enclosed Extracts of a Letter, of Yesterday, from Major Genl. Heath, you will see our present situation, and future prospects. If therefore the supply of Beef Cattle demanded by the requisitions of Congress from Your State, is not regularly forwarded to the Army, I cannot consider myself as responsible for the maintenance of the Garrisons below West Point, New York, or the continuance of a single Regiment in the Field." (United States Library of Congress, 1781.)

Quotations

Additional notes In 1772, Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral was published. John Hancock was among those who signed the attestation that Phillis Wheatley, an African American, was its author, refuting the popular assertion that a black woman could not have the intellect to produce the work. When, in 1773, the book was put on display in Aldgate, London, England, London (having been refused by Boston publishers) it thus became the first book by an African American to be officially published.

He was also a Freemasonry. As Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, he presented a flag to the Bucks of America black military unit of Boston.

Namesakes A number of things have been named after John Hancock: * The John Hancock Tower, the tallest building in Boston, Massachusetts * The John Hancock Tower#John Hancock Building, also in Boston, Massachusetts * The John Hancock Center, major skyscraper in Chicago

References

Notes External links



 

John Hancock



 
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